Quotes from Idi Amin Dada, A President of Uganda

Statements from Idi Amin Dada, A President of Uganda Idi Amin was the leader of Uganda between 25 Jan 1971 to 13 April 1979, and he is generally viewed as one of the most fierce pioneers throughout the entire existence of the world. He is assessed to have tormented, executed, or detained somewhere close to 100,000 and 500,000 of his rivals. As indicated by a Sunday Times of 27 July 2003 entitled A Clown Drenched in Brutality, Amin gave himself a few titles all through his rule, including His Excellency President forever, Field Marshal Al Hadji, Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular. The Idi Amin cites recorded underneath were taken from books, papers, and magazines giving an account of his discourses, meetings, and wires to other state authorities. 1971â€1974 I am not a government official but rather an expert warrior. I am, along these lines, a man of scarcely any words and I have been brief through my expert career.Idi Amin, leader of Uganda, from his first discourse to the Ugandan country in January 1971. Germany is where when Hitler was the PM and incomparable leader, he consumed more than 6,000,000 Jews. This is on the grounds that Hitler and every single German individuals realized that Israelis are not individuals who are working in light of a legitimate concern for the world and that is the reason they consumed the Israelis buzzing with gas in the dirt of Germany.Idi Amin, leader of Uganda, some portion of a message sent to Kurt Waldheim, UN Secretary-General, and Golda Meir, Israeli head, on 12 Sept 1972. I am the saint of Africa.Idi Amin, leader of Uganda, as cited in Newsweek 12 March 1973. While wishing you a quick recuperation from the Watergate undertaking, may I, Excellency, guarantee you of my most elevated regard and regard.President Idi Amin of Uganda, message to U.S. President Richard M. Nixon, on July 4, 1973, as announced in The New York Times, 6 July 1973. 1975â€1979 Now and then individuals botch the manner in which I talk for what I am thinking. I never had any proper instruction not even nursery school testament. Be that as it may, some of the time I know more than Ph.D.s in light of the fact that as a military man I realize the proper behavior, I am a man of action.Idi Amin as cited in Thomas and Margaret Meladys Idi Amin Dada: Hitler in Africa, Kansas City, 1977. I would prefer not to be constrained by any superpower. I myself view myself as the most remarkable figure on the planet, and that is the reason I don't let any superpower control me.Idi Amin, leader of Uganda, as cited in Thomas and Margaret Meladys Idi Amin Dada: Hitler in Africa, Kansas City, 1977. Like the Prophet Mohammed, who relinquished his life and his property to benefit Islam, I am prepared to bite the dust for my country.From Radio Uganda and ascribed to Idi Amin in 1979, as detailed in Amin, Living by the Gun, Under the Gun,  The New York Times, 25 March 1979.

Observation of various lifestyles

Little children will be youngsters between the age of one year and two and half years. At this stage, kids are developing and furthermore investing their energy playing. Children at this age are exceptionally dynamic particularly in the play area. I watched the kids in the play area. The play area was very little, only an acre.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on Observation of different ways of life explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was green, with the grass flawlessly planted and equitably cut. The field was efficient with different games’ hardware. Toward one side of the field were swings that the children utilized for swinging. On the opposite end, there were bobbing manors that children appeared to appreciate. Furthermore, there was a little room that contained children’s toys. This was the room where indoor games’ were played. In this room, I saw that most kids played indoor games. The quantity of children in the play area was around fifty, who were somewhere in the range of one and two years of age. The youngsters in the room were caught up with painting different articles while others were playing with toys. A portion of the youngsters were off without anyone else. The children who could walk were having a fabulous time in the skipping manors while their overseer watched them. The offspring of any age appeared to be well disposed. They appeared to perceive one another. The more established ones appeared to deal with the little ones while playing. They likewise forcefully included them in different games. The youngsters appeared to have known each other for some time. Be that as it may, there were a few kids for the most part matured two years, or more who were bulling the littler kids by grabbing their toys. The more youthful children didn't seem to like them. Crying was seen among the more youthful children who were looking for consideration of the guardian. Henceforth, the vast m ajority of them were playing with the parental figures or with the more established children yet under oversight. None of the youngsters had physical handicaps. For the little children matured one to two and half years, the babies are progressively offset with grown-ups like appearance. A portion of the physical issues the children were encountering were acing the numerous abilities for instance, sitting, strolling, utilizing a spoon, and in any event tossing a ball and perceiving a toy set before them. The children matured one year old were the most influenced. The children matured two years were doing fine and dandy at these aptitudes. These were typical issues that could be overseen by therapy.Advertising Looking for contextual analysis on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the youngsters were sheathing behind their mates in knowing to make discourse sounds. They didn't have the foggiest idea how to art iculate a few names for instance, some articulated bunny as wabbit. They had an issue in communicating in discourse. The vast majority of the kids just realized the normal words like mum. Some likewise had poor gathering. A case of these issues was kids who didn't react to their names. The kids mixed up specific sounds. Watching the children’s social intense subject matters, the youngsters were increasingly mindful of feeling. Their feelings were fluctuating. The youngsters were frequently disappointed since they needed to be autonomous. The kids delighted in cooperating with certain kids yet had an issue associating with others. Some likewise had an issue with sharing. For example, some were not open to sharing their plays with others. In such circumstances the guardian needed to intercede. A portion of the kids likewise experienced nervousness around individuals they didn't have the foggiest idea. I likewise watched fits among the children when baffled or when not ready to impart what they needed. The vast majority of the kids perceived feelings of different children. For instance some ameliorated the crying kids. In the congregation day care, I watched youngsters matured four and five years. The setting was a homeroom style where the kids were shown different Christian lessons. There was additionally a little play area that the kids went for breaks after every exercise. The collaboration of these youngsters was reasonable. The youngsters knew each other by names. They played together. The kids were twenty in number. The youngsters perceived the parental figure and appeared to regard her. They appeared to have remained together for a significant long time. Watching their physical conduct, the kids appeared to adore one another. They treated each other as family. They played together. They likewise appeared to partake very well in different gathering conversations when relegated. None of the youngsters was incapacitated. None of them was hefty. The gre ater part of the kids here were feeling the loss of some milk teeth. They were all sharp looking and prepped with the exception of that the garments were grimy before supper because of the nonstop play. Some had more grounded engine abilities than others. The youngsters must be disclosed to one thing a few times in any case by the following day most must be reminded what they had leant the earlier day. I likewise saw that a large portion of the kids had the rationale abilities of tackling issues among themselves when clashes emerged. All the youngsters were familiar with their discourse. There were no issues seen in their subjective conduct. The kids were figuring out how to peruse and other scholastic skills.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on Observation of different ways of life explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Observing their social enthusiastic conduct, the youngsters were genuinely joined to different kids. The children at thi s age are at a situation to control their feelings. The children were communicating the longing to be free. I likewise watched show of enthusiastic fits, boundaries and inconsistencies. The youngsters were continually collaborating with other kids. Watching the correlation and agreement of improvement conduct of more established and more youthful kids, the more seasoned kids appeared to comprehend their condition far superior to the youthful ones. The youngsters matured five had grown up and were at a situation to control their feelings. In learning, the more established youngsters appeared to learn quicker. The more established kids occupied with less unsafe circumstances contrasted with the more youthful ones. With advancement conduct, the more established ones demonstrated quicker advancement. During the perception time, there didn't show up any anomalous conduct. The kids conduct could be named as ordinary. The youngsters had no hypotheses of any expansion and addictive conduct since the parental figures were there to address them. The youngsters had no hypotheses of any expansion and addictive conduct since the parental figures were there to address them. A portion of the issues that the kids went over could without much of a stretch be tended to by treatment. These issues were ordinary since as the youngster developed they blurred away. End Feeding youngsters well encourages a solid way of life. Furthermore, close perception of the youngsters by both the guardians and the guardians will encourage the prosperity of the kids. Taking a youngster to centers for gauging and tests likewise guarantees sound way of life. This contextual investigation on Observation of different ways of life was composed and put together by client Elisabeth Bruce to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Illini Advice What I Wish I Knew in High School

Illini Advice What I Wish I Knew in High School Our bloggers are wise college students who have been around the block and can look back with some perspective. So, we recently asked them, If you could have a conversation with the high school version of yourself, whats one piece of advice you would give? We hope their answers help as you continue to navigate the halls of high school. Taylor High school and life in general, to a degree, is what you make it. So spend the next 4 years being unapologetically you, discovering what makes you tick, and exploring what pushes you outside of your comfort zone. Make this time beneficial and enjoyable in every way possible, and remind yourself that youre amazing while doing it. Kate Everything really will be okay! Trust us. Franklin Dont try to cram your schedule with things you dont care aboutâ€"pick 1 or 2 extracurriculars that you love and stick to them! Success will come easy when youre doing something you enjoy, and its always better to pick quality over quantity. Rachel Be present, enjoy each second, and live in the moment. It sounds cliché, but these next 4 years, and the 4 after that, will go by faster than you can imagine. Jada High school is an alternate dimension where a lot of things that shouldnt matter do. So dont get too caught up in the weirdness of it all, college is wayyy cooler. Maaz Life doesn’t begin to get real until it gets realâ€"there’s no warning. The only way to prepare for the future is to live in the present with a mindset balanced by the scales of both reflection and gratitude. Be grateful for the life afforded to you, and turn that gratitude into a resolve for improving the state of affairs you see within yourself; only by improving ourselves can we hope to improve the world around us. Abby Dont ever be afraid to push yourself out of your comfort zone. If theres something youre interested in, try it out! Seize every opportunity to learn and grow; youll be surprised by some of the amazing doors that open up to you when you do. Luis Dont stress too much in high school! Dont slack off, but also dont be too hard on yourself. Hang out with friends, build relationships, and create memories that you will keep if and when you take off to college. Kripa The challenges you face, whether they be tough classes or personal struggles, face them with the right attitude! Put your head high, and know that you can overcome these obstacles and that you have friends and family who you can always rely on. Julissa Do anything and everything your heart desires! Dont let others hold you back from doing what you want; this is your life. Alex Things might not be the exact same as you imagined themâ€"and thats okay.Use these 4 years to embrace change and become comfortable with the unknown. Noah High school is the best time to explore what interests you. A lot of people get caught up in worrying about AP classes and GPA, and while thats still important, take the classes that you like! Make sure to have fun, take what you love, and learn about yourself. Zoe My favorite professor gave me this piece of simple but deeply useful advice: Always be completely and unapologetically yourself, especially in the presence of others. You are on the cusp of a transformative life stage. Be brave. Illinois Admissions We're here for you as you prepare for college. Whether you're looking for guidance on the college search process or have questions about Illinois, we hope our blogs will help!

Critical Analysis Of Mill On Liberty - 1074 Words

Has one ever speculated what the conception of liberty is? Liberty had the ability to challenge ideas of the past into new ones. Mill expressed his understanding about liberty in several ways in his essay named, On Liberty. In this paper, I will strongly explain the significance of the quotation, assumptions mills argument depends upon, limitations in the right of free speech, and agreement with Mill’s points of view. Without further ado; let me activate the critical analysis of Mill’s approach regarding liberty. To commence, Mill’s attempt was to lay out an ideology that different opinions are drastically desirable and necessary in the community. If we consider the passage by Mill that expresses, â€Å"if all mankind minus one were of one†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, this quotation draws the outlines that the norm of community is strongly based on beliefs and that one’s belief to self is of significant regardless if true or false. Likewise, today people like to have all the newest popular versions of technological gadgets to fit in within the societal norms. So, the passage expressed that to fit in with opinions, one follows those that are more popularly known to the views of the community. However, the quotation allows for the idea that interest of people counts, but not greater than everyone else bringing forth the idea of equality. Mill proclaimed, â€Å"they have no authority to decide the question for all mankind, and exclude very other person form the mean s of judging† (Mill, 14). Consequently, everyone’s opinions regardless of their background diversity should be permitted to have a voice and taken into account. This is because opinion gives a change for errors to be amended and to reanalyze ideology that some may consider true. Overall, opinions of minority should be secured because it brings forth liberty and liberty increases when opinions of all are expressed. Also, as time progressed new ideas approach which may disprove something that was true in the past. As expressed in the essay, On Liberty, there is the conception liberty override the idea of conformity. Conformity of the notion to alter and fit in with rest of the community. Mill showed that tyranny of majority should not take place. ThisShow MoreRelatedPhilosophical Approach Of John Stuart Mill1686 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Stuart Mill Has one ever speculated what the conception of liberty is? Liberty has the ability to challenge ideas of the past into new ones. Mill expressed his understanding about liberty in several ways in his essay named, On Liberty. In this paper, I will strongly explain the significance of quotation, assumptions mills argument depends upon, limitations in the right of free speech and agreement with Mill’s points of view. 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He suggests that legal constraints do not make it physically impossible to do something, thus, he denies that there is anything more to freedom within a state thanRead MoreSociology 210 Study Guide1129 Words   |  5 PagesSociologists also strive to see issues in global perspective, defined as the study of the larger world and our society’s place in it. 1. Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life—The Sociological Imagination: Turning Personal Problems into Public Issues (Mills, 1959). Mills argued that society, not people’s personal failings, is the cause of poverty and other social problems. The power of the sociological perspective lies not just in changing individual lives but in transforming society. B. There are three differentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Justices : What Is The Right Thing Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesto think and develop. Although some choices are difficult, we are not willing to face this kind of dilemma. How are we deal with choices that we made and not regret the decision at the end? I will be analysis strengths and weaknesses of the arguments in the following paragraphs. Critical analysis In the beginning of the chapter, Sandel describes a popular social phenomenon, which is price gouging. After the Hurricane Charley, many Floridians were pressured under the inflated prices, so price gougingRead MoreThe Theory Of Power And Leadership Ideas1021 Words   |  5 Pagesare examined through concepts of knowledge, which are ideologies. Democracy can be viewed with the lens of liberal ideology and so can be equality with socialism. Political theory, due to being general and abstract creates space for critical imagination. It analysis the changing trend of prevailing ideas and perform the fundamental task of justifying the disposition of power in a political system. Plato argued for absolute justice, justified by rule of wise, sanctioned by God. On the other hand,Read MoreKrispy Kreme Company Analysis and Evualtion1670 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: COMPANY ANALYSIS AND EVULATION PROJECT Company Analysis and Evaluation Project Krispy Kreme Doughnut, Inc. By Todd E Mandley For Dr. Manny Jose, BUSI 601, Accounting for Decision Making Liberty University Table of Contents Title Page †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Organization Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 SWOT Analysis chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Balanced Scorecard chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreHegemonic States Are Ultimately Set To Fail. These States1831 Words   |  8 Pagesthe US tries to control other societies that do not hold up the same ideals and interests as it does. He is critical of American imperialism in other states because of America’s intolerance for other cultures and other ideologies that another state may uphold – especially if the US has an interest in the state’s resources (e.g., states with oil). That being said, Chomsky is highly critical of the US calling another state a terrorist the moment an attack occurs. When a state – particularly states

Secret Techniques for Personal Essay about Yourself That Only Very Few People Know

Secret Techniques for Personal Essay about Yourself That Only Very Few People Know Personal Essay about Yourself - the Story Your desire to be an attorney, engineer, or whatever should be logical, the consequence of certain experience that's described in your statement. The personal statement is your opportunity to stand out as a person. Then you would like to view of the practice. You're guaranteed that prompt and higher quality personal essay service in any respect times. The Appeal of Personal Essay about Yourself The point is to simply move your fingers. The personal statement is your very best opportunity to showcase your writing, so spend the opportunity to craft a piece you're really pleased with. If you're attempting to acquire your fantasy job, each supporting paragraph should be creative. You will need to be sure you find a web site that has actual professional personal essay writers. An essay is a small masterpiece that each student should have the ability to cr eate. Ask three unique experts what a personal essay is and you'll probably get three unique answers. The essay you submit to HPA ought to be a draft of the essay you mean to submit to the frequent application services. So, students need to take care when writing a personal essay. Thus, the student should see to it that the essay is written well. The students prefer to find personal essay from company that delivers personal essay. The 5-Minute Rule for Personal Essay about Yourself Recall unpleasant moments which you find very helpful for your private improvement. You should determine key points and pay plenty of attention on the information that you wish to present. Needless to say, it never lasts. My own theory is that almost all personal essayists, due to a pure ability to extrapolate, do not struggle to locate subjects to write about. The Personal Essay is a distinctive genre you will likely just have to write once or, at most, twice in your whole life. A University Coursework Writer needs to be equipped with the correct knowledge and experience to conduct excellent research. The essay isn't about camping in any respect, but about the fragile character of nature. The best method to le arn how to begin a personal essay is to get a crystal clear picture of the primary features it should contain and its key requirements. Although it may have quite a loose language, you should still avoid slang and cliches, which may make the text much weaker. An effective personal essay is equipped to channel strong and strong messages to the reader. While it's annoying, starting over is sometimes the ideal approach to find an essay that you're really pleased with. You've reached the point at which you could be all set to begin writing. Since the major point of the essay is to give schools a feeling of who you are, you've got to open up enough to allow them to see your personality. In the event you're not certain how to compose a personal essay and struggle to begin, we've got an excellent advice! Always work to pick up the writing tone in line with the goal of your cover letter writing. As the interview procedure moves forward, you will start to find the storyline shape up. You incorporated quotes from an interview with Tarantino about his method of selecting music which makes the reader see that the music is well worth paying attention to, which makes your prior observations even more notable. One of the absolute most important portions of the essay writing process is editing, and editing requires a lot of time. After you have a minumum of one talk booked, then you may commence writing. Many students wish to call it a day after writing a very first draft, but editing is an important portion of writing a really wonderful essay. Also, permit the minute you choose reveal your nature and character. It's ok to speak about a tough relationship with an individual in your life. So, once you are sitting down to compose an essay, you will need to bear in mind that you must express your personality there. There's a specific type of private essay that, for a very long time, everybody seemed to hate. Inside my experience, the very best essays take on an extremely strong voice that talk to a specific individual. If you've got a good deal of interesting stories to tell, your private essay can continue to be interesting and engaging for your reader. Just don't forget that an expert biography will tell the story beneath the surface. A biography that's a group of facts isn't likely to interest anyone.

The History of Intel Free Essays

string(42) " compete with the TV, VCR, and telephone\." THE HISTORY OF INTEL The microprocessor has changed our lives in so many ways that it is difficult to recall how different things were before its invention. During the 1960’s, computers filled many rooms. Their expensive processing power was available only to a few government labs, research universities, and large corporations. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Intel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Intel was founded on July 18,1968 by engineers, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, Andrew Grove, and Arthur Rock. Rock became Chairman, Moore was President, Noyce was Executive Vice President in charge of product development and worked with Moore on long range planning, and Grove headed manufacturing. The purpose of the new company was to design and manufacture very complex silicon chips using large-scale integration (LSI) technology. Moore and Grove’s vision was to make Intel the leader in developing even more powerful microprocessors and to make Intel-designed chips the industry standard in powering personal computers. Moore and Noyce wanted to seek Intel because they wanted to regain the satisfaction of research and development in a small growing company. Although the production of memory chips was starting to become a commodity business in the late 1960’s, Moore and Noyce believed they could produce chip versions of their own design that would perform more functions at less cost for the customer and thus offer a premium price. Intel’s unique challenge was to make semiconductor memory functional. Semiconductor memory is smaller in size, provides great performance, and reduces energy consumption. This first started when Japanese manufacturer Busicom asked Intel to design a set of chips for a family of high-performance programming calculators. Intel’s engineer, Ted Hoff, rejected the proposal and instead designed a   Single-chip, a logic device that retrieved its application instruction from semiconductor memory. Buying Back the Cash There was a problem with this new chip Busicom owned it. Intel was convinced to repurchase the rights to the product. Intel then offered to return Busicon’s $60,000 investment in exchange for the rights of the product. The Japanese agreed after struggling with the financial troubles. The Microprocessor Hits the Market Intel’s first microprocessor, the 4004, was introduced in 1971. This $200 chip delivered as much computing power as the first electronic computer, the ENIAC. After the 4004, Intel introduced the 8008 microcomputer, which processed eight bits of information at a time. The 4004 and 8008 began to open new markets for Intel products. Today, affordable computing power is available to designers of all types of products, producing creativity and innovation. Turning Point: IBM PC In 1981, Intel microprocessor family had grown to include the 16-bit 8086 and the 8-bit 8088 processors. These two chips created 2,500 winning designs in the year. A product from IBM was one of those designs, which became the first PC. Intel was convinced IBM to choose the 8088 as the brains of its first PC. Because of IBM’s intelligent decision, the PC business grew to tens of millions of units every year. In 1982, Intel introduced the 286 chip. It contained 134,000 transistors and provided 3 times the performance of other 16-bit processors during the time. The 286 were the first microprocessor that offered software compatibility with its predecessors. The Microprocessor Machine In 1985, the Intel 386 hit the market. The 386 could perform more than five million instructions every second. Compaq’s DESKPRO 386 was the first PC based on the new microprocessor. In 1989, Intel 486 processor was ready to hit the market. This new chip resulted in 1. 2 million transistors and the first built-in math coprocessor. This chip was faster than the original 4004. In 1993, Intel introduced the Pentium processor, which set new performance standards with up to five times the performance of the Intel 486 processor. The Pentium processor uses 3. 1 million transistors to perform up to 90 MIPS, about 1,500 times the speed of the original 4004. In 1995, Intel’s first processor in the P6 family, the Pentium Pro processor, was introduced. It included 5. 5 million transistors and contained a high-speed memory cache to accelerate performance. The Pentium Pro processor was a popular choice for multiprocessor sewers and high performance workstations. Intel introduced the Pentium II processor in May 1997. It contains 7. 5 million transistors packed into a unique Single Edge Contact Cartridge and delivers high performance. Intel offers Pentium II processors for Mobil PC, carrying new levels of performance and computer capabilities. In April 1998, Intel introduced the Celeron processor. This is the latest Intel processor created to meet the computing needs of Basic PC users. Intel’s recent introduction is the Pentium II Xeon processor. This is the newest addition to Intel’s Pentium II brand. It is Intel’s first microprocessor designed for mid and higher server workstation platforms. The company’s success in memory chips was built from the resources involved in working on projects to design and develop the world’s best microprocessor. INTEL’S STRATEGY Intel’s primary business into the mid 1980s was memory chips, which accounted for 70 percent of revenues. In 1985 and 1986, Intel closed eight memory chip plants. They were fighting a never winning battle with the Japanese produces of memory chips. Gordon Moore and Andrew Grove refocused the company on advancing the technology of microprocessors. Intel decided to create a new vision and strategy for the company. Their vision was to make Intel-designed chips the industry standard in powering personal computers. Intel supplies the computing industry with chips, boards, systems, and software. Intel’s products are used as â€Å"building blocks† to create advanced computing systems for PC users. Intel’s mission is to be the preeminent building block supplier to the new computing industry worldwide. Intel has several objectives in order to pursue their vision. The objectives include PC and server management advances through new Intel hardware and software products, alliances with other industry leaders, education and development programs, and industry standards efforts. Most importantly, Intel’s greatest objective was making the PC an indispensable and persuasive appliance, which would ultimately compete with the TV, VCR, and telephone. You read "The History of Intel" in category "Essay examples" Andy Grove crafted a series of strategies in order to reach Intel’s objectives: 1. Introduce innovative products quickly. Andy Grove’s vision of making the PC tomorrow’s information appliance required the company to do more than be a leader in advancing microprocessors. Intel tries to bring innovative products to the market as quickly as possible. In 1995, Intel introduced the new high-end Pentium Pro processor. This came less than three years after the introduction of the Pentium processor, which is now the processor of choice in the mainstream PC market. Together, these products provide computer buyers with a wide spectrum of computing choices. Due to the growing popularity of the Internet, Intel programmers developed a software product called Streaming Media Viewer that software developers could incorporate into their products and allow users to view video as it arrived from the World Wide Web. Also, Intel developed hardware based cryptographic technology that provided increased levels of security for data communicated over the Internet. Intel’s strategy of bringing innovative products to the market quickly has proven to be costly. In 1996, Intel spent $500 million on RD projects to develop products (other than microprocessors). Even though other producers were using joint ventures to build the extremely expensive fabrication plants, Intel chose to go alone. Beyond their primary task of making microprocessors, Intel invests in a range of computing and communications applications that support their core business. Intel’s supercomputer and network server efforts take advantage of the flexibility and power of Intel architecture, while their flash memory business supports booming communications applications, such as, cellular phones. Intel executives saw the future PCs equipped with new features, such as, digital video, stereo sound, 3-D graphics, fax, and data communications. Intel decided to add these features into its next generation microprocessors. Intel decided to compete with the Taiwanese computer industry. They felt that the Taiwanese were too slow to adapt their products to the latest Intel innovations. By producing motherboards, it would enable Intel engineers to integrate new functions. 2. Promote the Intel brand. Intel invests in education and marketing programs that describe the benefits of genuine Intel technology. In 1990, Intel initiated a marketing program to build the Intel brand and make PC users aware of the benefits of genuine technology and products. Intel asked PC makers to put the Intel logo on their machines. The company also sponsored television and print advertising campaigns stressing that by choosing an Intel-based PC, users got the ultimate in quality, reliability, software computability, and value. The marketing program was a success and had become a prominent element in Intel’s strategy ever since. Not only did Intel continue to sustain its dominant market share, but also customer feedback revealed that PC buyers, not just computer techies, really cared about their computer’s chip and performance capabilities. Instead of assigning its two new chip generations numbers like 286, 386, and 486 chip generations, Intel named them Pentium and Pentium Pro. This helped Intel build their brand name by allowing PC buyers to become familiarized with their products. Experts believed that Intel was spending over $100 million annually on promoting their name among consumers. . Alliances with other industry leaders. The breakup of the old computer industry is what gave Intel its chance and made the mass-produced computer possible. The old computer industry was vertically aligned. Industries used to build their computers from bottom up. Now, these companies purchase products from other industries to build their computers. Because PCs contained components from so many different vendors, G rove believed industry participants in different horizontal specialties had to develop new products in parallel. Intel works with other industry leaders to develop new PC technologies, such as the PCI â€Å"bus†, which has been widely adopted. This technology removes bottlenecks to provide greatly enhanced capabilities. They incorporate their chips into PC building blocks, such as, PC motherboards, to help computer manufacturers bring their products to the market faster. Intel also works closely with software developers to create rich applications, such as, PC video conferencing and animated 3D Web sites, that make the most of the power of Intel processors. Also, Intel is working with the U. S. Department of Energy to build the world’s fastest computer supercomputers. As Intel introduced new generations of microprocessors, it was beneficial for Microsoft and other developers of operating systems and software to be ready to go to market with new software systems and products that capitalized on the speed of Intel’s new processors. Andy Grove and Bill Gates began meeting in the 1980s to explore how their organizations can share information. Intel believes that if computers work better, do more, and are easier to use, more PCs will be sold and more Intel processors will be needed. As with any other strategy, it is necessary to evaluate performance and initiate adjustments in vision, long term direction, objectives, strategy, or implementation in the occurrence of changing conditions, new ideas, and new opportunities. For example, in 1994, a mathematics professor found a flaw in how Intel’s new Pentium chip did division in certain situations. The media got a hold of this and there was negative publicity about Intel floating around. Intel explained to its consumers that the chances of this happening were minute. Intel admitted the flaw, but Andy Grove felt that it shouldn’t concern nyone except the most demanding scientists. Intel wanted to stand behind there â€Å"Intel Inside† campaign, so they had to reevaluate their strategy. Within days of the incident, Intel offered all owners of Pentium based computers a free replacement of their Pentium chip and took a $475 million write off to cover the costs. Even though it was considered a disaste r, only a few owners took a replacement chip. Intel focuses on being a best-cost provider. Their strategic target is the value conscious buyer. They want to give customers more value for their money. Intel’s product line carries good-to-excellent attributes, several to many upscale features at low cost to the PC buyer. Overall, their focused strategies have kept them on the right track. However, Intel continues to attract competition, both from makers of software-compatible microprocessors and from makers of alternative-architecture chips. SWOT ANALYSIS To provide a good overview of Intel’s business position and whether it is healthy or unhealthy, a SWOT analysis was conducted. This analysis will show if there is a good fit between Intel’s resource capability and its external situation. STRENGTHS Intel is one of the most profitable companies in the world. It is a leader in its industry with over 80 percent of the world’s 250 million personal computers powered by Intel microprocessors and over 90 percent of all new PCs currently being assembled with â€Å"Intel Inside†. Intel is a recognized market leader with an attractive customer base and a good reputation of creating an advanced quality product. Some of Intel’s strengths are its financial condition, brand-name image, good management skills and technical expertise. Financial Condition One of Intel’s major strengths is the ability to fund for research development. The company has a high degree of profitability, cash flows from depreciation, and low dividend payout. Therefore, Intel can provide the financial resources and use their financial strength to fund the capital requirements associated with refurbishing existing plants and building new ones. Intel’s strategy to maintain a leader status in the industry and to accommodate expected demand is necessary for them to stay ahead of competitors by producing more advanced products and building new plants or refurbishing existing plants. In recent years, Intel has built a new fabrication plant about every 9 months and announced that its goal is to reduce that to every 6 months. Also, for the past 6 years, it has led the semiconductor industry in new capital investments. Brand Name Image In 1990, Intel initiated a marketing program to build the Intel brand and show PC users the benefits of Intel technology and products. The reason for the program was to increase sales of the Intel brand and lower sales of AMD’s cloned microprocessors. Their marketing strategy was to ask PC makers to put a distinctive â€Å"Intel Inside† sticker on their machines. They also sponsored television and print advertising campaigns promoting that an Intel-based PC provided customers with ultimate quality, reliability, software compatibility, and value. This was a major success and created a good brand name image for Intel. Management Skills and Technical Expertise Talented and skilled individuals from the beginning managed Intel. They had the expertise to manage Intel by choosing the right individuals that had the technological know-how to bring it to the top. Intel’s skill and expertise proved to be a strength back in 1985 when Intel’s primary business was the memory chip. Japanese competitors started producing and marketing their memory chips at lower costs than Intel. However, Intel had the skills and expertise to abandon the memory chip business and put their full energies into a secondary microprocessor business. They wanted to become leaders of the industry and they proved that they knew what needed to be done to accomplish their vision. WEAKNESSES Diversity Intel is one of the most successful companies and it is hard to find a weakness in such an established firm. Intel is known for its strengths, competencies, and capabilities. However, one of Intel’s weaknesses is the focus on primarily microprocessors. The diversification of companies into other industries allows them to be less risky in case a rival developed a better product. For example, Microsoft is expanding into the Internet business to become more diversified. America Online and Netscape are merging to enhance their core business. Intel could become even more successful if it were to diversify into other industries. The company can be in grave danger if another firm was to rise to the top with the manufacturing of microprocessors or if technology promoted a more efficient product than the microprocessor. Leadership After Groves Andrew Groves has been the backbone of Intel for many years. Under Grove, Intel was very aggressive in protecting its technology. He is a hands-on manager whose high level of involvement and attention to detail inspired and intimidated subordinates. A big part of Intel’s success is Groves’ leadership style, competitive ability, and innovative mind set. Eventually, Groves will retire and the question will be what will happen to Intel? Will Groves’ successor lead Intel to remain on top. Andrew Groves has proved to be an excellent leader, but the leadership after him is questionable. OPPORTUNITIES Market opportunity is a big factor for shaping Intel’s strategy. Intel is equipped with the right resources and has the capability to pursue many opportunities that exist. The company’s innovation has helped build alliances to expand the firm’s market coverage and competitive capability. Intel also has the ability to grow rapidly because of strong increases in market demand. Innovation Andrew Groves has a vision of the PC as tomorrow’s information appliance. He wants to have televisions, VCRs, game players, cable boxes, and telephones to be pushed to the background and bring PCs to be in the spotlight. Groves does not want to just lead in advancing the microprocessor, he wants to fully utilize the capability of the microprocessor and introduce a number of PC-based communications products to meet the broad range of consumer needs. Some of the products that Intel has available are chip products used for keyboards, printers, copiers, and fax machines. These chip products are used to enhance cellular phones, pagers, digital cameras, and personal digital assistants. Intel is also manufacturing universal Serial Bus- single type of connector to attach printers, modems, CD-ROM drives, and other peripherals. Other innovative products include Intercast plug-in cards, a ProShare line of conferencing products,   And an I960 RP processor. Intel has a software lab in Shanghai developing multimedia and 3-D content in Chinese. They have created software to help popularize long-distance telephone calls on the Internet and a hardware-based cryptographic technology that provides levels of security for data communicated over the Internet. Intel is introducing new products and technologies on a weekly, sometimes daily, basis. They are gradually increasing their RD budget to look for valuable ways to broaden their product line. Their reputation for innovation is among the best in the U. S. In fact, Intel was ranked third for its innovation in 1997. Strategic Alliances Alliances expand the firm’s market coverage and competitive capabilities. It is essential that Intel develop a close relationship with other PC component producers, manufacturers, software developers, cable TV companies, media and telecommunications companies, and entertainment companies. Before the mid-1980s the structure of the old computer industry was aligned vertically, in which each company sold their products based on their own proprietary technology. They designed and built their computers themselves. Buyers had to commit to the whole package of one manufacturer. Since then, the computer industry is growing horizontally. Each product depends on another product. This is why it is important to collaborate with others. Products within each horizontal specialty should be compatible with other specialty products to make a powerful PC or other PC-based product. Growth Intel has the ability to grow rapidly because of strong increases in market demand. The process of making PCs has changed with that of the past. Only a few PC makers produced the components inside of the PCs. Therefore, the demand for Intel’s products increased. Intel had the ability to grow rapidly because it responded quickly to market demand and had the capital and expertise to develop advanced powerful products faster than competitors. THREATS Looking at Intel’s external environment, there are some factors that create a threat to the company. Some of the threats Intel is facing are competition, slowdowns in market growth, and the bargaining power of consumers. Competition In 1997, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and Cyrix were the two major competitors that challenged Intel by cloning Intel’s microprocessors and marketing them at lower prices. This created a major threat to Intel’s market share. A third competitor was developed by the partnership among Motorola, IBM, and Apple Computer. They were producing and marketing Power PC chips for Apple’s line of PCs and certain IBM PCs. For example, the Power PC offered a reduced instruction-set computing (RISC) processor which had a simpler instruction set and higher computing speeds than Intel’s chips. This was an attractive feature for the end user, which also threatened Intel’s market share. The competitors mentioned above are just three of the major companies that are a threat to Intel. There is also the possibility of other companies making a technological breakthrough by developing a more powerful and cheaper product that will outlive Intel. For such reasons, Intel has to be innovative and ready for any possible external threat. Slowdown in Market Growth Intel is always planning ahead of things. They refurbish or build plants two years before the new product ever is produced. This could be considered an advantage or disadvantage. It is an advantage to Intel because they are constantly developing technologically advanced and more powerful products, which allows them to compete and be a leader of the industry. However, the major disadvantage is the possibility of the PC market slowing down. Intel could be hurt tremendously if the market growth slows down because they have already planned ahead and invested a lot of capital into the plants. Bargaining Power of the Consumer Cost pressures are also a threat to Intel. Consumers are demanding lower prices on products or higher quality for the prices they are paying. If a consumer can get the same product at a lower price from competitors, it can be a major threat to the company. Intel can influence bargaining power of the consumer by making sure the prices are low based on cost efficiency and the quality is maintained. The SWOT analysis provided the opportunity to view the company’s overall position. An evaluation of Intel’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats support the fact that above all Intel has established a healthy position in the industry. TESTS OF A WINNING STRATEGY Test 1: Goodness of Fit The goodness of fit test determines if a company’s strategy is suitable for its internal and external situation in order to obtain market success. Intel is a member of the technology sector and in the semiconductor industry. Firms involved with technology must deal with the quick obsolescence that is inherent when dealing with computers. An example of this is Moore’s Law coined after Gordon Moore, Intel’s founder, who truthfully stated that â€Å"the power and complexity of silicon chips would double every year with proportionate decreases in cost†. This external environmental situation causes two problems for companies in the industry. One problem is that a company must constantly innovate to stay on top and secondly, the company will need capital in order to create new technology. Does Intel’s strategy adequately deal with the constant change that is prevalent in its business environment? The Intel’s strategy is to cannibalize its own products. In other words Intel strives to make its own products obsolete. A Company’s profits and market position can be severely undermined if another company offers a faster chip with more capabilities. Intel is able to do this because of its internal situation. Intel has vast amounts of capital, â€Å"†¦a ‘war chest’ of about $10 billion†. This is useful when the average plant costs will be about $2. 5 billion dollars around the year 2000. Test 2: Competitive Advantage Test The competitive advantage test ascertains if a company’s strategy leads it to have a sustainable competitive advantage over its rivals. The competitive advantages that Intel has are its brand image and research prowess. Intel’s brand name is a competitive advantage because it helps keep the sale of silicon chip clones from rivals down so that these companies do not erode Intel’s profitability and market share. If a company had a clone of equal performance, it would be easier for consumers to switch over if not for the power of brand name and awareness that keeps customers loyal. The strategy that Intel has is to increase the awareness and preference for its products. Research prowess is a competitive advantage for Intel. It has large amounts of capital compared to its competitors. For example, next year Intel will spend $3 billion on research and development, â€Å"which is more than AMD generated in sales in 1998†. Intel continues to produce innovative products faster than its rivals do in order to receive the lion’s share of profits so as to keep itself able to acquire the capital to produce these innovations. Test 3: Performance Test The performance test ascertains if the company’s strategy is helping the company become profitable and help obtain long-term market position. Located in the Appendix are several profitability ratios for Intel from 1983 until 1998. In Appendix A-E are graphs representing this data? In Appendix F are the actual numerical data. After 1986 is when Intel changed its strategy to what it is presently. The data used to compute these ratios was from the Intel case in Strickland and Thompson’s Strategic Management 10th Edition. The 1997 and 1998 were compiled from data obtained from Intel’s homepage located at http://www. ntel. com. Appendix A shows the gross profit margin. The gross profit margin has, since 1986, been steadily increasing and since 1990, has remained above fifty percent. This profitability ratio shows the amount of money that remains after making a product that is available for the company to utilize. This shows that the company is strong in this aspect. O perating profit margin is shown in Appendix B. This shows the profit of the company prior to interest payments and taxes taken out. The ratio was negative for the years 1985 and 1986. After 1986, the operating profit margin has been strong reaching a peak of 39. 4% in 1997. Appendix C displays the net profit margin, which is the profit the company realizes. After posting a loss in 1986, the net profit margin of Intel has steadily improved and strengthened. Since 1990, Intel has been positing profits higher than fifteen percent. It reached a profit peak in 1997 with a net profit margin of 27. 7%. Intel has at the present time has a dominant 75. 7 % market share. This is a dominant position since its next closest rival, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), has merely fifteen and one-half percent of the market share. Its other competitor Cyrix has only 5. 6%. This data is represented in pie chart form in Appendix G. The data has shown that Intel’s strategy has successfully completed all of the tests and is thus a winning strategy. Its present strategy is allowing it to respond to the business environment and maintain its competitive advantages while raking in profits. Andy Grove’s Performance as CEO It is imperative to acknowledge Gordon Moore, his mentor, before discussing the performance of Andy Grove. Gordon helped to set the Intel culture as being one of low bureaucracy and set the standard of holding one-on-one meetings with his subordinates in order to help the flow of information. Moore has is own ‘law’ which stated that the power and complexity of the chip would double every eighteen months with proportional decreases in costs. This helped Intel from the onset set its sights on innovation and being a leader. Appendix F shows the numerical numbers for the return on stockholders’ equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA). Appendix D and E show their values graphically. These ratios are used to gauge how effective management is. Andy Grove became President in 1979 and was given more total control in 1987 when Gordon Moore served only as chairman. To adequately ascertain how well Andy Grove has been as CEO, an examination of the following these ratios are necessary. The ROE since 1987 has been strong with most years above twenty-percent as displayed in Appendix D. The highest value being in 1997 with 35. 99%. This ratio is put into perspective when one compares the ROE with that of the industry. The ROE-to-Industry ratio taken from Daily Stocks website which is 131. 4%. The ROA since 1987 has also been steadily increasing into the teens and lower twenty’s. The ROA-to-Industry for Intel is large 140. 4% from Daily Stocks website. This analysis shows that Andy Grove has done a superb job at Intel. Other factors concerning Andy Grove speak well of his performance as the CEO of Intel. His views have permeated into the corporate culture of Intel and have helped it become the dominant force in its industry. The strategy-making style that Grove uses is that of a master strategist. The master strategist exerts strong influence over the strategy of the company. Andy Grove’s own view, which is his ‘law’, of â€Å"only the paranoid survive† has helped keep Intel on its toes and looking ahead to what is happening. This is shown by the fact that Intel builds factories years before they are needed in order to stay on top of the market. Andy Grove’s leadership has helped Intel not fall into the pitfall of becoming stagnated by its own success. The shortcoming that Andy Grove has in being a manager is he is too good. As stated in the SWOT analysis, Andy Grove’s permanent retirement from Intel could set the company floundering unless the company finds someone as well qualified and with an analogous approach to management style. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS The U. S. icroprocessor industry comprises of more than 100 companies that design, manufacture, and market semiconductors to original equipment manufacturers and personal computer end users. The following information is a profile of the dominant economic characteristics of the microprocessor industry. Market Size: $300-$350 billion worldwide consumption. Scope of Competitive Rivalry: Global. Market Growth Rate: 15-20 percent annually. Stage in Life Cycle: Rapid growth and takeoff. Number of Companies in Industry: About 174 companies. Customers: 80 million microprocessors for use in PCs and network servers. Degree of Vertical Integration: Mixed; forward and backward integration. Ease of Entry/Exit: High entry barriers in the form of capital requirements. Technology/Innovation: Rapid technological changes microprocessor production. Product Characteristics: Highly standardized. Scale Economies: Companies can realize economies of scale. Learning and Experience Effects: Strong. Capacity Utilization: Manufacturing efficiency is higher when capacity is increased. Industry Profitability: Above par. 1995 Industry Usage 1997 Industry Usage Error! Not a valid embedded object. The two pie charts above display the industry usage in 1995 and 1997. As shown, the computer sector is the main user of the microprocessor. Within two years, the computer sector increased its usage by 11% and is expected to continue increasing over the next several years. Computers are the main focus in the microprocessor industry, which is why many rivals are competing for market share in that sector. THE FIVE FORCES MODEL OF COMPETITION Rivalry among competing manufacturers in this industry is a strong force of competition. It is focused on such factors as performance features, new product innovation, quality, and brand image. New product innovation plays a major role in the microprocessor industry because it determines the intensity of rivalry among competing firms. Companies are trying to gain better market position and competitive advantage. Threat of potential entry is a weak force due to the fact that it is hard for a newcomer to break into the market. Moreover, economic factors put a potential entrant at a great disadvantage because of the learning and experience curve effects. The existing microprocessor companies have advantageous positions in the industry from the experience they have gained from being in the industry longer than new entrants have. Leaders of the industry, like Intel, have vertically integrated their manufacturing to make products at low efficient costs that entrants would not be able to compete and be exposed to fierce competition. Other entry barriers are economies of scale, brand preferences and resource requirements. Competition from substitutes is a weak force because there are no substitutes in the industry. The microprocessor is needed to manufacture many types of equipment, such as, TV sets, VCR’s, cameras, wristwatches, kitchen appliances, mobile phones, and stereo equipment. There is no other product that can be used in place of the microprocessor. Power of suppliers is moderate. Some companies rely on suppliers to supply a component more cheaply than industry members can make themselves. This can increase their leveraging power. However, suppliers also tend to have less leverage to bargain over price and other terms of a sale because the industry they are supplying is a major customer. A microprocessor company usually orders in large quantities, which in turn decreases suppliers leverage. Also, major companies are integrating backwards to self-manufacture the component. Backward integration allows companies to negotiate favorable terms with suppliers. Power of customers is a strong force in the industry primarily because buyers are large and purchase much of the industry’s output. Purchasing in large quantities gives a buyer enough leverage to obtain price concessions and other favorable terms. For instance, PC makers have a substantial bargaining leverage when deciding to use Intel’s chips in their computers. International Competitiveness Due to fierce international competition, the microelectronics industry has become highly globalized. To compete effectively, U. S. icroelectronics suppliers must sell to all domestic and foreign markets. The profit margins for certain products are so slim that only through international sales can a supplier generate profits adequate to remain in business. Survival in this highly international industry requires microelectronics manufacturers to be first to market with leading-edge products that focus on high-end technology. Only those suppliers who introduce the breakthrough products can maintain profit margins that will support research, development, and the purchase of new equipment for manufacturing the next generation product. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS Intel’s rivals: Advanced Micro Devices, Cyrix Corporation, Motorola, IBM, Apple Computer, and the Power PC are favorably positioned, but not in the same leading position as Intel. Intel dominates the computer industry. Intel works closely with alliances to introduce many innovative products that give them a leading edge over their rivals. Intel’s products are distinguished from their competitors, which make it difficult to clone. In 1997, Intel’s two biggest competitors were Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and Cyrix, both of which made â€Å"Intel-clone† microprocessors and marketed them at prices below those charged by Intel. A partnership among Motorola, IBM, and Apple Computer to produce and market Power PC chips for Apple’s line of PCs and for certain IBM PCs represented a third competitor. Sun Microsystems was a fourth competitor, producing and marketing a microprocessor line that competed against Intel chips in a limited number of computing applications. These competitors can possibly take some of the market share away from Intel. Therefore, Intel needs to maintain market dominance by continuing to make a high quality microprocessor with process technology improvements. These factors will help Intel stay ahead of their competitors. Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) had carved out a niche providing less expensive microprocessors than Intel’s mainstream offerings. AMD, confident that NexGen had strong technology despite its low sales, promptly scrapped its own design for a chip to compete with Intel’s Pentium Pro in favor of a design (subsequently named K6) that NexGen had under development. Whereas previous generations of AMD chips had been clones of Intel’s designs, AMD and NexGen engineers had designed the K5 and K6 from scratch. AMD hoped that its K6 chip would be an attractive alternative to Intel’s higher-priced Pentium Pro chip. AMD was planning to introduce 180, 200and 233 MHz versions of its K6 chip during 1997 and a 300 MHz version was the plans for 1998. AMD expected that 5 of the top 10 PC manufacturers would be using the K6 in some of their models during 1997; analysts projected that AMD could sell up to 5 million K6 chips in 1997. The K6 was expected to sell for about 25% less than Intel’s Pentium   Pro chips. IBM and Compaq announced in 1997 that they would use AMD’s K6 processors in their low-end machines. During the first three weeks of September, nearly half of all the desktop computers sold through retailers used the AMD K6 microprocessor, according to market researcher PC Data Inc. That is a dramatic improvement from last year when 92% of those same machines had Intel chips inside. Today, only 43% of retail PCs sold use Intel. Industry analysts expected Cyrix to be more successful in marketing its M2 against Intel’s MMX Pentium in the price-sensitive home computer and notebook segments. The stigma of a non-Intel chip posed a high barrier for Cyrix to hurdle in, penetrating the high-end desktop and notebook segments. Motorola, Apple, and IBM initiated a partnership in 1991 to develop the Power PC chip as an alternative to Intel chips. After production delays and disagreements over design, IBM and Apple finally agreed to a common design in 1995. The Power PC along with Sun Microsystems’ UltraSPARC chip was a reduced instruction-set computing (RISC) processor, whereas, Intel, AMD, and Cyrix chips were complex instruction-set computing (CISC) processors. Chips incorporating RISC designs used simpler instruction sets to achieve higher computing speeds than CISC processors. Also, RISC designs had better floating-point performance. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS Technology-Related KSFs Intel has many key success factors that helped it prosper in the market place. Intel has product innovation capability and the funds available to invest in research and development. Intel’s reputation for innovation was among the best of any U. S. company, it ranked third on innovation among all U. S. companies. Besides investing in RD, Intel had to gut and refurbish its existing fabrication plants every three years to produce the new chips and sometimes build a new plant to accommodate the expected   demand. Year after year, building new plants became very expensive because they used exotic tools and equipment to etch finer and finer lines on a silicon chip. Finer etching also required more labor and production time. Intel estimated that each succeeding generation of microprocessors required more than twice the capital and manufacturing capacity for production. Intel intended to be among the handful of chip producers that could afford to build top-of-the-line chip fabrication plants. Manufacturing-Related KSFs Intel has the flexibility to manufacture a range of models and sizes. Besides the products already in the market, it has additional products in various stages of development. For instance, Intel has a segmented brand including the Celeron, Pentium II, and Merced chip which is expected to be available in 2000. Distribution-Related KSFs Intel works closely and distributes to PC component producers, PC manufacturers, software developers, cable TV companies, media and telecommunications companies, entertainment companies, and information-communications appliance for both the home and the workplace. Intel is involved with Microsoft, Pointcast, America Online, IBM, Cisco Systems, and others to develop and promote Internet software. Marketing-Related KSFs To diminish the sales of clones of Intel microprocessors marketed by AMD, Cyrix, and others, Intel initiated a marketing program in 1990 to build the Intel brand and make PC users aware of the benefits of genuine Intel technology and products. Intel asked PC makers to put a distinctive â€Å"Intel Inside† sticker on their machines. Manufacturers who used Intel microprocessors in their PCs also used the logo on their packaging and in their ads and brochures. The company also sponsored many television and print advertising campaigns to promote the Intel’s brand name image. Skills-Related KSFs Intel has the ability to develop innovative products and product improvements. Also, it has the ability to get newly conceived products past the RD phase and out into the market very quickly. They are always ahead of their competitors and always find new ways to improve their product. Intel’s team consists of many experienced employees using top of the line technologies. Organizational Capability Intel has the ability to respond quickly to shifting market conditions and customer needs because of its many years of experience and the ability to invest in RD. Andy Grove’s management style also plays a major role in organizational capability. His concern for the flow of information helped instill Intel’s corporate culture and allows every employee to contribute to the company. INDUSTRY PROSPECTS AND OVERALL ATTRACTIVENESS The factors that make the industry attractive are the large use of computers at home, work, libraries, coffee shops, and bookstores. Computers allow easy access to Internet, e-mail, and research. PC’s use up-to-date technology, which makes life easier and daily tasks simpler. The fastest growth was expected to occur in Asia outside Japan, where use of PCs was still relatively limited and where the market potential was largely untapped. The Chinese market was the largest in the Asia-Pacific region (with projected growth of 25-35 percent annually over the next several years), followed in order by Korea and Japan. Also, PC sales in Europe were expected to grow 8% annually. The profit outlook seems favorable because a computer at home or work will be a necessity. The factors’ making the industry unattractive was that Intel was producing new products too quick for the market to catch up. New developments were occurring at such a fast and furious pace that the end result was unpredictable. There was a lot of competition going on. The Internet was central to most of the forthcoming developments in information technology. This is the reason why Intel is mainly focused on the computer sector. As Andy Grove put it, â€Å"The Internet is like a 20-foot tidal wave coming thousands of miles across the Pacific, and we are in kayaks. It’s†¦ gaining momentum, and its going to lift you and drop you. It affects everybody†¦the computer industry, telecommunications, the media, chipmakers, and the software world. † FUTURE PROSPECTS Their commitment to RD creates future generations of products and the manufacturing processes they use to make them, while their capital expenditures ensure the availability of state-of-the-art factories that allow them to deliver high-volume, high-performance microprocessors efficiently. Looking into the future, they will continue to manufacture quality microprocessors that will live up to the Intel name and strive towards perfecting their existing ones. How to cite The History of Intel, Essay examples

Renewable Energy Essay free essay sample

Renewable Energy Is Only Part of the Best Way to Prevent Climate Change In our present life we are going through two of the main hazardous changes on the Earth, global warming and greenhouse affects. We want mankind to survive for a very long time, but if we keep using non-renewable energies the way we do, do you think we will be able to survive for a long time? I strongly believe that renewable energy is only part of the best way to prevent climate change. In this essay I intend to present a sound argument with a clear line of thought and relevant evidence. Of course there are times when renewable energy is not the best concept to prevent climate change. It has its own flaws. One of the few disadvantages it has is that it is difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that are as those produced by traditional fuel generators. We will write a custom essay sample on Renewable Energy Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This would mean that we would have to reduce the amount of energy we use or built more energy which can be very expensive. Another drawback of renewable energy sources is the reliability of supply. Renewable energy often relies on the weather of its source of power. Hydro generators need rain to fill dams to supply flowing water. Wind turbines need wind to turn the blades, solar collectors need clear skies and sunshine to collect heat and make electricity. When these sources are unavailable so is the capacity to make energy from them. This can be unpredictable and inconsistent. Furthermore, the wildlife habitats are destroyed because of the wind farms. Many people think that it is a very cruel behaviour to the wildlife. They have lives like us, so how would we feel if some kind of new powerful creatures came and killed thousands of us, in a flash of a second? Even though there are negative points to renewable energy, there are lots more positive points that suggest renewable energy is only part of the best way to prevent global warming. However, humankind has no choice but to take renewable energy very seriously. It is gaining more respect daily and there are numerous reasons as to why this is the case. Renewable energy is as green as it gets as it is by today’s technical standards and it’s a marvellous method for fighting back against global warming. Fossil fuels are damaging the planet and this can be our way of doing something about that. The most important part is that renewable energy is commitment free and sustainable. It can be replenished so we can use as much of this power as we need and we can restock it or it will restock itself. The sun and wind are with us for the long haul. As sources of power they are just waiting to be tapped for our future energy requirements all over the world. Even more importantly, renewable energy produces little or no waste products such as carbon dioxide or other chemical pollutants, so has minimal impact on the environment. Similarly, wind energy is friendly to surrounding environment, as no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity. Moreover, wind turbines take up less space than the average power stations. Wind mills only have to occupy a few metres for the base; this allows the land around the turbine to be used for many purposes, for example agriculture. As well as recorded in 2010, just in the Golf of the Mexico, more than 7000 birds, sea turtles and dolphins died because of the oil spills in the region. So, if we don’t use non-renewable energy then there wouldn’t be any spills and there wouldn’t be any danger. Liming Zhou, research associate, professor at the University of New York conducted a study that claims ‘’Wind energy is among the fastest growing sources of energy. The US wind industry has experienced a remarkably rapid expansion of capacity in recent years’’ Zhou said. This suggests that wind energy can be really advantageous to us in the future. In conclusion, renewable energy is only part of the best way to prevent climate change. â€Å"This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning† Sir Winston Churchill. This is a perfect example to our renewable energy situation. It is not too late for us; we can start using renewable energy to prevent climate change in future. There are three kinds of people: those who make it happen; those who watch it happen; and those who wonder what happened. So why not be one of the ones who make it happen and protect our future generations. In my opinion we should use a lot more of renewable energy than we already do and use less of non-renewable energy so it can last for long and prevent the thermal blanket getting thicker.