Comparison of the theories of feminism

Comparison of the theories of feminism Feminism has a movement has gained momentum in recent pasts to the extent that there are a number of gender gains the world over. The theories of feminism are categorized into five, some of which are distinct and other closely related. These are: Liberal Feminism, Socialist Feminism; Radical Feminism; Post-Modern Feminism; and Multicultural feminism. However, this paper zeroes down on two, namely Liberal and Radical feminism, in an attempt to show the contribution that feminism has made (or continues to make) in the contemporary social analysis. Liberal Feminism Some of the proponents of this category of feminism include Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Betty Friedan and Rebecca Walker. Liberal feminism is an individualistic form of feminism because it is generally based on womens ability to assert their equality through their own actions and choices. This is what Eleanor calls faith in rationality (Eleanor, 1996). Accordingly, the starting point for promoting such equality is based on individual interaction between men and women and that women can change their circumstances. Liberal feminism looks at the personal interactions of men and women as the starting ground from which to transform society into a more gender-equitable place. The issues important t to liberal feminists include reproductive rights and abortion access, sexual harassment, voting, education, fair compensation for work, affordable childcare, affordable health care, and bringing to light the frequency of sexual and domestic violence against women. The basic tenet of liberal feminism is that it is anchored on legal and political reform as a means to ensuring equality between men and women. This, according to them, is tailored on looking at the government through lobby groups to bring about legislative changes that promote gender equity. This brings about social and economic equity. Susan Wendell, citing the work of Mackinnon (1987) () says that contemporary feminism is committed to major economic reorganization and considerable redistribution of wealth, since one of the modern political goals most closely associated with liberal feminism is equality of opportunity which would undoubtedly require and lead to both. Liberal feminists argue that all people are equal and that rationality in correcting class differences should be the way to go. How then does this contribute to social analysis? It does so by seeing the oppression of women as not structural feature of capitalistic economic system. Further, the concept of education as a means to changing womens status quo has had remarkable gains in recent times. Additionally, the ongoing debate and actions in the world concerning expansion of women participation has fundamentally centered on inclusiveness into the socio-economic as well as the political mainstream, Radical Feminism Using Mackinnon, (1987:16), Eleanor observes that that radical feminism is not one form of feminism, but simply feminism unmodified. Therefore, many others forms of feminism was only a response to male psyche modification of feminism as it were. (Eleanor, 1996) Feminism in its radical sense has it that society is a patriarchy that primarily oppresses women thus radical feminists seek to disband patriarchy. In this, they recognize that womens oppression is the fundamental oppression. They further assert profoundly that sexism is at the heart of patriarchy especially in the family. Willis (1981), for example, in an essay Lust Horizons: Is the womens movement pro-sex argues against making alliances with the political right in opposition to pornographyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In a way they in this sense, echo the Marxist belief that if women wanted to deal with the shackles of patriarchy, then they must deal with the issue of reproduction. (Willis, 1981) According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, most radical feminists do not universally argue for the criminalization of pornography or objectification of women, but rather that in the absence of patriarchy, the public demand for such materials would drastically decrease as a much smaller percentage of the population would be aroused by viewing womens oppression and degradation Conclusively, radical feminism is anchored on total restructuring if society an extreme view which would call for severing relationships with men, that is ending heterosexual relationship with me. Radical feminists seem to believe that the way to deal with patriarchy and oppression of all kinds is to address the underlying causes of these problems through revolution. Q2. Cognitive Theory of Social comparison in explaining Crowd behavior at a large (50,000+) sporting events Introduction A crowd can be defined in a number of ways but the widely accepted definition of crowd is that of large groups of individuals in the same physical environment, sharing a common goal. Usually such individuals act in a different way than when they are alone. (Reading, 1996): In a football match scenario, understanding the behavior of the crowd can be grounded on cognitive theory of social comparison. This theory as advanced by Festinger (1952), asserts that people tend to compare their behavior with others that are most like them. Muss and Thulman (1986) using the ideas of Festinger gives a more specific assertion by saying that people, when lacking objective means for appraisal of their opinions and capabilities, compare their opinions and capabilities to those of others that are similar to them. In the process, they attempt to correct any differences found. Basis on this social comparison theory may explain crowd behavior in a football match in the following ways: Common Stimulus between crowd participants According to Muss and Thulman (1986), one of the social comparisons theory implications is group formation. This according to them happens to the extent that self evaluation can only be accomplished by means of comparison with other persons. Festinger attributes this to the fact people in a crowd are driven by the desire to belong to the group. In other words, they tend to move to a group which belongs to them and which share their opinion and who have almost similar ability. For instance, it is common to see football fans that support a particular team more interested in being within the physical boundaries of their fellow supporters or those who share in their fantasy. Imitational behavior Using Festinger ideas, Muse and Thulman (1986) explains that the existence of a discrepancy in a group with respect to opinions or abilities will lead to action on the part of members of that group to reduce the discrepancy This should explain some behaviors in a football match setting, including one person starting to sing and the others who support the same team following swiftly. Other examples would include, booing a player, usually started by one person and followed swiftly by others. A more propounding illustration is such crowd behavior in an event of a stampede. Usually people will tend to run to one direction regardless of if the cause of fear is genuine or not, as long as the one of their own signals them to do so. Q3. Use sociological theories or concepts to help explain Listening to music on a portable music device Introduction It is common today to see people across all ages and gender alike carrying and listening to music through portable devices publicly. This happens when they are in the office, driving, reading and even walking among others While there should be a number of theories that can explain this phenomenon, system theory, does that at best in trying to justify the tight schedules that the contemporary society puts on people and the dilemmas therein. In so doing it zeroes on multitasking as the issue or as a prime causality to this. System theory System theory may be traced back to the ideas of George Hegel (1770-1831), who saw the world as operating within the push of different poles, in the process creating a conflict which negates a solution for the functioning of the whole system. Hegel imagined that the world was controlled by two opposing poles pulling towards opposite direction. He called one pole the thesis and the opposing side the antithesis. According to him, these two struggle to create an agreed position he called the synthesis, which interestingly also come to create the thesis, the antithesis and the cycle goes on and on. In a way, one would argue that this corresponds directly to the conflict theory, but for the purposes of looking at the phenomenon as a response to holistic demands, the perspective is tied to system theory. (Pippin, 1989) Notably, the person who qualified system theory as we know it today (within a structural functionalism paradigm) is Von Bertalanffy is a book titled General system theory: Foundations, Development, Applications in 1968. He, as a biologist, endeavored to employ organismic knowledge to use the word system to describe those principles which are common to a general system. In the book, he says that there exist models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of their component elements, and the relationships or forces between them. It seems legitimate to ask for a theory, not of systems of a more or less special kind, but of universal principles applying to systems in general System theory is based on the belief that for a system (a being, an entity, an organization among others) to work sufficiently, all the parts of that system must be in order, and that there is interrelatedness of the parts. To qualify this theory in understanding the portable music system public use phenomenon, it is important to relate it to the numerous issues that todays human responds to, within the confluence of multitasking and not able to respond to other demands of life. Therefore, listening to portable music while responding to other systems, not only works to perpetuate interrelatedness of demands of today but also in satisfying his/her needs.

High School Dropouts Essay

Dropping out of optional school is an issue defied by various teenagers today. It happens in view of several essential standard reasons. One is normally an unlucky deficiency of companionship in extracurricular activities. An exchange turns around the people not being capable in asking for that their youths keep tabs on staying in school. A third cause is the nonattendance of effort pushed by learners to be productive in their studies. Why do young people lose their venture in school? The focus when individuals are not extraordinary with their studies it as often as possible starts a critical plunging winding in their devotion to class. When they feel less positive about school they all things considered are less fascinated by extracurricular activities – recreations, music, and clubs. For various learners, it is their accomplishment in extracurricular activities that fills their aching to stay in school. Accepting that individuals have no attainment in either academic or extracurricular activities they have no inspiring strengths to take off to class Consequently, they have no connection to their school. An overabundance of people is not firm enough with their children and their direction. People disregard to urge their children the centrality of staying in school and that dropping-out is contrary to their future. All over there high scholars drop-out as a consequence of an unlucky deficiency of trepidation instilled into them by their people. Various young people have for all intents and purpose zero parental supervision. Coupled with a nonappearance of social capacities between people and youths, the impact could be an unlucky deficiency of commitment with school. There is a nonattendance of exertion set forth by a significant number of today’s people. They appear to be truly languid and have no order regarding the matter of their studies. Constant disappointment is regularly a solution for colossal over-burden and anxiety. It has a tendency to measure to the satisfying toward oneself prediction of dropping-out. Dropping-out is their just escape. Dropping-out could be counteracted. Offering youngsters on the profits of staying in school requires consistent exertion and an extraordinary use of time. Folks must be the entire more in tune with their youngsters’ needs and cravings and be ready to help them adapt to their inconveniences. Folks must be stronger in swaying their youngsters to stay in school. In any case teenagers themselves must take the activity to acknowledge obligation regarding their future and they must set forth more exertion into their studies. Learners’ fruitful association in additional curricular exercises is useful in raising their regard toward oneself. These strategies for aversion may appear intemperate however the effects exceed the introductory battle.

NSA and DHS Surveillance Programs Essay - 1976 Words

Ever since the invention of the telephone and telegraph, the concept of wiretapping has been a concern. As early as the 1860’s, statutes were in place in some states prohibiting listening in on telegraph communication. As the turn of the century neared, along came the telephone, and with it, came wiretapping. From the onset, it has been illegal in the United States for an unauthorized person to listen in on a private phone conversation. It is even illegal to record your own phone conversation if the person on the other end does not know it is being recorded (Harris, 2001). According to Harris, historically, the law has not been as strict for the government. He states, â€Å"in 1928, the United States Supreme Court approved the practice of†¦show more content†¦In these early years of video surveillance, analog technology, using taped video cassette recordings, allowed recorded data to be stored and kept as evidence (Wilkerson, 2005). The seventies became an age where video surveillance was used for everything from law enforcement and traffic control to divorce proceedings. England put up cameras in the Underground train stations as well as to monitor highway traffic flow. By the 1980’s, US businesses and banks adopted the practice, as the value of surveillance quickly took off. In the 1990’s, advancements grew with the creation of digital multiplexing, permitting multiple cameras to do recordings at the same time, as well as features like time-lapse and motion-only recording. These advancements revolutionized the surveillance industry (Wilkerson, 2005). As the computer revolution continued, digital video surveillance became faster, clearer and more efficient. Months of surveillance could be compressed on hard drives, and images could be manipulated to improve clarity. 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Buddhism And Its Impact On The World Essay - 2122 Words

Buddhism, currently the fourth largest religion in the world, started very small then spread to different places, different cultures, overtime, as illustrated in a documentary about the start of Buddhism. The high popularity for this religion is attributed in part upon belief and spirituality as opposed to worshiping a god (or gods). Although it began in India, c. 500 BCE, it needed a medium to travel all over the World. The Silk Road provided the Medium that Buddhism needed to spread to China. Buddhism spread to China by merchants, monks, and pilgrims using the Silk Road. Buddhism, without the Silk Road, would not have reached to China the way it had, with such an impact, as the Silk Road is what provided a majority of the travellers a way between destinations. Buddhism began with the life of Buddha c. 500 BCE, and how people started to follow his teachings and practices in hopes of reaching a state of enlightenment. While originally a prince, born on the edge of current day India and Nepal, Buddha made a decision to leave his life of luxuries. By leaving all materialistic wants and desires, the Buddha’s goal was to reach spiritual enlightenment. He encouraged others to follow his ways. Buddha’s teaching included ideas such as the Four Noble Truths, which are the basic foundation for teachings in Buddhism. The Four Noble Truths describe suffering, often opening others eyes the the reality in which we live. Suffering exists, with reasons behind it, though suffering can end,Show MoreRelatedBuddhism And Its Impact On The World1604 Words   |  7 Pages Founded in the 6th Century BCE by Siddhartha Gautama, Buddhism has over time developed into one of the most prominent religions in the world with approximately 500 million adherents, making it the fourth largest religion on earth. 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